Surgeons

Intraoperative Neuromonitoring (IONM) uses electrophysiological signals such as Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Evoked Potentials (EPs) to monitor the functional integrity of neural structures (nerves, spinal cord and parts of the brain) during surgery. The set of modalities used in a surgery depends on which neural structures are at risk.

The purpose of IONM is to reduce the risk to the patient of iatrogenic damage to the nervous system causing neurological deficits, such as muscle weakness, loss of sensation and impairment of normal bodily functions. IONM also delivers the surgical team with real time information, allowing surgical decision making and providing functional guidance.

IONM is fast being accepted as a standard of care for improving patient safety and surgical outcomes as IONM minimizes the risk of postoperative neurological deficits that may otherwise go undetected.

SPECIALITY	PROCEDURE	EMG	T-EMG	SCREW	SSEP	MEP	D-WAVE	EEG	BAEP	VEP	ECOG
												SPINE	Scoliosis Correction	√		√	√	√
	Spinal Tumor Resection	√	√		√	√	√
	De-tethering of cord	√	√		√	√
	Cervical/Thoracic Fusion	√		√	√	√
	Lumbosacral Decompression / Fusion	√		√
	Cauda Equina Surgery	√	√		√	√
	Sacro-iliac Fracture Reduction	√	√	√	√	√
	Spinal Surgery	√	√		√	√
ORTHOPAEDIC	Acetabular Fractures and Revision	√	√		√
	Total Hip (Revision,Limb Lengthening)	√			√
NEUROSURGERY	Brain Tumors	√	√		√			√			√
	Skull Base surgeries with retraction				√				√
	Epilepsy Surgery	√	√		√			√			√
	Acoustic Neuroma Resection	√	√		√				√
	Vestibular Nerve Resection	√	√						√
	Microvascular Decompression				√				√
	Carotid Endarterectomy				√			√
	Cerebral Aneurysm Clipping/Coiling				√			√
	Arteriovenous Malformations				√			√
	Transsphenoidal Pituitary Tumor	√	√		√					√
	Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm				√					√
ENT	Parotidectomy	√	√
	Thyroidectomy	√	√
	Cochlear Implant				√
PERIPHERAL NERVE	Brachial Plexus	√	√		√	√
	Nerve Root Avulsion	√	√		√	√
	Neuroma Incontinuity	√	√		√

EMG

Electromyography is the recording of electrical activity of muscle tissue to monitor inadvertent damage to corresponding nerve

TEMG

Triggered EMG Allows electrical stimulation in the operative field to identify nerves in proximity & evaluation of patency of nerve by direct stimulation of the nerve

Threshold EMG / Screw Test

Confirmation of correct placement of pedicle screws during spine surgery using electrical stimulation at the screw head

EEG

Electroencephalography is used to evaluate electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp.

ECoG

Electrocorticography uses electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral cortex

SSEP/SEP

Somatosensory/Sensory Evoked Potential provides information on the posterior sensory pathway by stimulation of peripheral nerves and evaluating response from the sensory cortex in the brain

TCeMEP

Transcranial Electric Motor Evoked Potential provides information on the anterior motor pathway by stimulation of the motor cortex in the brain and evaluating response from relevant muscles in the body

BAEP

Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential allows evaluation of the neuronal activity in the auditory system

VEP

Visual Evoked Potential evaluates patency of the visual pathway by measuring the electrical signal generated at the visual cortex using visual stimulation